Answer all of the questions on the pink scanner sheet by bubbling out your selection with a No. 2 pencil. Please bubble out your name on the sheet before you begin. Listen carefully to the instructions you will be given before starting the exam. Be sure to label your answer sheet with your test version.

1. Which definition of GIS is correct?
a. A GIS is a toolbox.   d. GIS is big business.
b. A GIS is an information system.   e. All of the above.
c. GIS is an approach to science.

2. GIS combines a heritage from many different disciplines. Which discipline did NOT make a contribution to the early origins of GIS?
a. Archeology   d. Geography.
b. Computer Science   e. Landscape planning
c. Cartography

3. Examples of points, lines and areas in the feature model for GIS data are:
a. Wetlands, ponds and parks.     d. Trees, loggers  and lumber mills.
b. Big business, land cover and GPS data points.    e. Jeep trails, highways and zip codes.
c. Oil wells, oil pipelines, and oil fields.

4. The best first place to find out about GIS is to:
a. Look in the job ads in the Wall Street Journal.     d. Search a library's book collection.
b. Ask your uncle.    e. Surf the World Wide Web.
c. Read the software manual for IDRISI.

5. "Research on the generic issues that surround the use of GIS technology, impede its implementation, or emerge from an understanding of its capabilities" is called:
a. A data model   d. Geographic information systems
b. a data structure   e. geographic information science
c. Object Oriented

6. The flat file model consists of:
a. Tables of values for attributes (rows) and records (columns).
b. Tables of values for attributes (columns) and records (rows).
c. Tables of attributes for values (rows) and records (columns).
d. Tables of records for rows of columns for values.
e. Tables and file cabinets.

7. Three models that have been used by geodesy and cartography over time are:
a. Ellipsoid, sphere and geoid.    d. Circle, cone and cylinder.
b. Ellipsoid, spheroid and geode.    e. Egg, avocado and orange.
c. Prolate spheroid, oblate cylindroid, and geoid.

8. An oblate ellipsoid is:
a. A circle rotated about its major axis.   d. A geoid.
b. An ellipse rotated about its shorter axis.   e. A map projection.
c. An ellipse rotated about its longer axis.

9. An example of a datum NOT used in mapping is:
a. NAD27   d. GRS80
b. WGS84   e. Mean Sea Level
c. Mean Wave height

10. Which map projection statement is true?:
a. No map projection can be both equivalent and conformal.
b. All map projections are conformal.
c. UTM has a line of minimal distortion along a parallel.
d. All map projections are equivalent.
e. UTM has no distortion within a zone.

11. Which is NOT true of the UTM system?
a. The earth is divided into 60 UTM zones, 6 degrees wide.
b. Zones are numbered west to east, starting at 180 degrees west.
c. Each zone is drawn on a Transverse Mercator projection, centered on the central meridian.
d. Eastings are in meters with the central meridian set at 500,000. Northings are zero at the equator and the South pole.
e. The UTM system covers the whole planet in one consistent metric system of coordinates.

12. At the scale of one to one million:
a. A map foot is equal to a ground yard.    d. The earth's diameter maps onto a baseball.
b. A map millimeter represents a ground meter.    e. A map inch represents a ground mile.
c. A map millimeter represents a ground kilometer.

13. Which of the following is probably a  coordinate reference in geographic coordinates?
a. 4,435,120 m N; 123,987 m E; 10, N.    d. -10.1259 176.3213
b. 123,198 ft E; 476,193 ft N; Wisconsin, Central.    e. 123 Elm Street, Goleta CA.
c. 18TWC8713

14. Examples of the properties of geographic phenomena are NOT:
a. The size of an object.    d. Orientation of the objects.
b. What objects are adjacent to another object.    e. The composition of the objects.
c. The pattern of objects.

15. To compare, overlay, or cross analyze two maps:
a. Both maps must be depicted at the same scale.    d. b and c.
b. Both maps must be on the same coordinate system.    e. a. b., and c.
c. Both maps must be in the same map projection.

16. Which statement is FALSE?
a. Many digital maps for GISs are already available.
b. Data transfer standards such as SDTS have greatly improved the ability to acquire existing spatial data.
c. Almost all GIS packages read every single GIS data format.
d. The World Wide Web has become a major means by which data for GIS are distributed and located.
e. Not all nations make their digital map data available to the general public.

17. Which statement is TRUE?
a. GISs are incapable of getting field data into their databases.
b. GISs are incapable of getting satellite imagery into their databases.
c. GISs are incapable of getting attribute data into their databases.
d. GISs are incapable of storing all types of map data in the ordinary flat file structure.
e. GISs are incapable of getting street addresses into their map databases.

18. If you scanned a 10 cm by 10 cm map section at 100 dots per centimeter, and stored 8 bits (one byte) per grid cell, the file size would be:
a. Two bits.   c. About one kilobyte.   e. About a megabyte.
b. 100 bytes  d. About one petabyte.

19. What is important to know during attribute data entry?
a. The data type (e.g. text, whole number, etc.)    d. Which attribute is the key.
b. The range of the value (e.g. between one and a hundred).    e. All of the above.
c. How to code missing values.

20. The part of a GIS  Database Management System that stores all information about the attributes and records, but not their specific values is:
a. The attribute record.    d. The data dictionary.
b. The INFO table.   e. The data entry module.
c. The Data range.

21. Which are NOT typical map data entry errors:
a. Unsnapped nodes.  c. Spikes and zingers.  e. Slivers.
b. Duplicate lines.  d. Point-in-Polygon tests.

22. The mechanical process of manual or semi-automated digitizing does NOT depend on:
a. The stability of the map medium.
b. The means of securing the map to the digitizing tablet.
c. The correct registration of the map onto the tablet's coordinate system.
d. How well nodes are snapped together while digitizing.
e. The scale of the map.

23. "Yes raster is faster but raster is vaster, and vector just seems more corrector."
a. Implies that gridded raster files can be very large.
b. Implies that scanning a map is faster than manual map digitizing.
c. Implies that the vector data structure allows features to remain in their correct coordinate location,
whereas the raster structure can move or lose them.
d. Implies that the vector data structure is more storage efficient than rasters.
e. All of the above.

24. Which is false?
a. In the vector data structure, points  make up lines and lines enclose areas.
b. Vector data structures need separate files to hold point, line and area information.
c. Vector data structures suffer from the mixed pixel problem.
d. In the vector structure, a complex line can be captured with more points, and so more detail.
e. In the vector data structure, the exact outline of a feature can be captured accurately.

25. Name one rule that is NOT applicable to the mixed pixel problem:
a. Winner take all   d. edges alternate
b. Majority rules   e. contains only
c. edges separate

26. Using a smaller cell size in a raster GIS will result in:
a. more storage required   d. fewer cells
b. less storage required   e. a greater range of values
c. less resolution

27. Using the "water dominates" rule instead of "winner take all" will result in:
a. cells coded as "edge"   d. worse resolution
b. more cells coded as water   e. more accuracy
c. fewer cells coded as water

28. Lines coded in a raster GIS:
a. will never be straight.    d. take up less storage.
b. usually disappear.    e. have topology.
c. are coded as area features.

29. The origin of a raster grid in IDRISI is:
a. at the upper left corner    d. at the lower right corner
b. at the lower left corner    e. arbitrary
c. at the upper right corner

30. Raster grids are oriented:
a. north up    d. west at the top
b. east down    e. arbitrarily
c. south on the left

31. Grids can be overlain when:
a. scale is the same    d. data type is the same
b. orientation is the same    e. all of the above
c. cell size is the same

32. Topology is NOT:
a. What is left of a digital map when the geometric information is removed.
b. Stored along with the lines or areas in files on the computer.
c. The spatial equivalent of relations in attribute database managers.
d. The property that describes adjacency and contiguity of features.
e. The set of maps available from the USGS at 1:24,000.

33. The concept of a data model was illustrated in class by:
a. A set of baseball cards.
b. Use of medieval cathedrals for memorization of the bible by monks.
c. The world series.
d. An egg, the sphere, and a baseball bat.
e. John Smith breaking his leg on a skateboard.

34. In class, we used Mark Bosworth's music analogy for GIS data models and structures. In a GIS
food analogy, "vector", "raster" and "layer" could be compared to:
a. Stilton, Cheddar and Provolone cheese.
b. Frozen food, cranberries and orange juice.
c. A loaf of french bread, whole wheat toast and a muffin.
d. Spaghetti, ravioli, and lasagna.
e. Pizza with sausage, pizza with extra cheese, and pizza with garlic.

35. Pointing to a feature on a map to retrieve its attributes is the same as which operation in a DBMS.
a. Buffer  d. Find
b. Overlay  e. Delete
c. Sort
 
 

36. SQL is:
a. The Semi-Quotient Locator, a fuzzy set based human-GIS interactive process.
b. Structured Query Language: A standardized language for the query of relational database managers and many GISs.
c. Slightly Querulous Locution: A type of GIS command line interpreter.
d. The sequel to a GIS overlay operation, when data are "unvarying."
e. A nonexistent acronym devised to trick me on this exam.

37. The GIS software we will use in lab this quarter is:
a. Arc/Info and Arc/Dbase.   d. MERCATOR and LAMBERT.
b. Caliper.   e. AutoCAD.
c. IDRISI and ArcView.

38. Data about data are often called:
a. More data.  d. A browse data base.
b. Metadata.  e. The world wide web.
c. A card catalog.

39. You have been assigned the task of compiling a GIS by digitizing the property maps for mid-town Manhattan, New York, where property values are extremely high. Which do you choose?
a. You scan a 1:4,000,000 Atlas map as a base.
b. IDRISI, for its flexible grid data structure.
c. A vector-based GIS with a detailed property map base.
d. You scan a 1;100,000 topographic map as a base.
e. You scan a royalty-free base map from the British invasion of 1776.

40. The values of an attribute for a record:
a. Can be numbers.   d. Can be coded as missing.
b. Can be text.   e. All of the above.
c. Can be classes.

41. For a given map extent, more and smaller cells have ____ compared to fewer and larger cells.
a. lower resolution   d. cell numbers and sizes have nothing to do with resolution
 b. higher resolution   e. none of the above
c. the same resolution

42.  Consider a raster data set that contains 4 possible cell values: {1 = no residences; 2 = 1 to 10 residences; 3 = 11 to 100 residences; and 4 = more than 100 residences}.  What type is this data?
     a.  nominal
     b. ordinal
     c.  interval
     d. ratio
     e. none of the above

43.  You need to find the scale of a map you've been given for a class project.  In order to do so, you decide to measure a distance between two real world features and relate that to the distance shown on the map.  You find that the distance between two buildings is 400 feet.  On the map that same distance is 3 inches.  What is the scale of the map?
     a) 1:100     d) 1:1,600
     b) 1:133.33   e) 1:16,000
     c) 1:1,200

 44. In the Latitude and longitude  system (using degrees, minutes,seconds), 20 minutes is equal to:
 a) 1/20th of a degree   d) 1/3 of a degree
 b) 200 seconds   e) 1/3 of an hour
 c) 0.20 degrees

45. A line digitized in a vector GIS is considered as a ___ object.
 a. one dimensional   d. a or b, depending if the coverage is urban or natural
 b. two dimensional   e. none of the above
 c. three dimensional

46. You have an IDRISI coverage containing trees, shrubs, and water. To create a new coverage containing ONLY trees and shrubs, which command would you use?
a. group  d. group, then reclass
b. add  e. reclass, then group
c. reclass

47. All of the following are TRUE statements about raster GIS EXCEPT:
a. the raster format is based on grid cells
b. the raster format is ideal for the analysis of satellite imagery
c. the raster format is ideal for the analysis of road networks
d. resolution of raster data is directly related to cell size
e. IDRISI is a raster GIS
 
48. Professor Clarke's First Law of Geography is:
a. GIS is a lot like the World Series.
b. Textbook publishers can never be trusted.
c. Any area of interest will always lie at the intersection of at least two maps or images
d. Macintosh computers are a plague on humanity
e. Any point raised in lecture and on the exam will be discussed the day I missed class or fell asleep.

49.  You have an image that covers a rectangular area 8 kilometers wide by 6 kilometers high.  The image has 300 rows and 400 columns.  What is the resolution of the image?
     a. 15 meter   d. 200 meter
     b. 20 meter   e.  480 meter
     c.  26.67 meter

50. A three dimensional  data structure that uses vectors and topology is called:
a. Sliver  d. TIN
b. IDRISI  e. CAD
c. ArcView